Tag Archive: corona treatment

1. Surface Treatment Know-How:  Surface Energy, Contact Angle, Dyne Levels & More

   May 7, 2026 1:00 pm Comments Off on Surface Treatment Know-How:  Surface Energy, Contact Angle, Dyne Levels & More

   Choosing the Right Surface Treatment System

   Why Many Materials Have Adhesion Challenges

   When inks bead up, coatings fail to wet out, or adhesives do not bond reliably, the root cause is often insufficient surface energy on the substrate. Several inherent properties of polymers, glass, compounds, and metals can make adhesion challenging. Many surfaces are extremely smooth and non-porous, preventing inks and adhesives from penetrating or mechanically anchoring to the substrate. For example, polymers are often the material of choice in manufacturing, but their chemistry naturally resists bonding with applied media.

   In addition, surfaces frequently accumulate contaminants such as oils, dust, and processing residues that further interfere with bonding. These factors contribute to low surface energy, causing inks, coatings, or adhesives to bead rather than spread across the substrate, resulting in poor wetting and unreliable adhesion.

   Surface pretreatment technologies such as corona and atmospheric plasma are widely used to solve these challenges by increasing surface energy and improving wettability prior to printing, coating, or bonding operations.

   Corona vs. Atmospheric Plasma Surface Treatment

   Both corona and atmospheric plasma treatments use electrical discharge to activate the surface. However, the way energy is delivered differs, which affects how each technology is applied in manufacturing environments.

   What Is Corona Surface Treatment?

   Corona treatment increases surface energy by altering the chemical structure of the material’s surface.

   

   Key benefits include:

   • Increases surface energy by altering the chemical structure
   • Typically produces highly effective activation and durable adhesion
   • Excellent for fast line speeds and wide sheets and film, bottles, labware, and more
   • Can be easily integrated into bottle, sheet and labware production lines
   • Often more economical than plasma systems when treating larger items
   • Corona treatment is commonly used in high-speed film and web production environments where large surface areas must be treated efficiently

   Corona treatment is a valuable technology due to its ability to improve the functionality of numerous materials for a wide range of applications. It’s affordable and highly effective.

   What Is Atmospheric Plasma Surface Treatment?

   Atmospheric plasma treatment provides both surface activation, intensive cleaning, and micro-etching. It can deliver highly uniform surface energy levels while removing contamination that interferes with adhesion.

   

   Benefits include:

   • Modifies surface chemistry resulting in improved adhesion
   • Provides more intense surface cleaning
   • Finely micro-etches surfaces, enabling stronger physical bonding
   • Often produces higher and more uniform surface energy levels
   • Particularly effective at removing organic contamination and residues
   • Creates potential-free surface treatment allowing treatment on or near metal, useful for embedded circuitry and circuit boards
   • Atmospheric plasma systems operate without a vacuum chamber enabling faster inline processing

   Plasma treatment is especially valuable for applications involving complex geometries, precision components, and sensitive electronic materials.

   The chart below compares corona and atmospheric plasma technologies. Both surface treatment methods are highly useful in functionalizing surfaces but each has its forte. 

   

   How Surface Energy Is Measured

   Surface activation can be verified using two common methods: contact angle measurement and dyne level testing.

   Contact Angle Measurement for Surface Energy

   

   Contact angle measurement evaluates the angle formed by a droplet of liquid placed on a surface using a digital surface analyzer. This method provides a clear visual indication of how surface treatment affects wettability.

   Untreated substrates often exhibit contact angles well above 60°, indicating poor wetting. After plasma or corona treatment, contact angles commonly drop below 30°, demonstrating significantly improved surface energy and wetting. In some cases, plasma treatment can achieve contact angles in the single-digit to low-teen range, indicating highly activated surfaces.

   Dyne Level Testing for Adhesion and Wetting

   Surface energy can also be evaluated using dyne solution, typically delivered using dyne inks or dyne pens. Dyne level measures the surface energy of a substrate in energy units referred to as dynes/cm. Understanding the dyne level of a substrate is critical to obtaining correct adhesion of media and product performance.

   For example, reliable digital printing ink adhesion generally requires surface energy levels of approximately 50 dynes/cm or higher.

   This range works well because:

   • Most UV-curable digital inks have surface tensions between 30–45 dynes/cm
   • For proper wetting, the substrate surface energy should exceed the ink surface tension by about 10 dynes/cm
   • When this condition is met, ink spreads uniformly rather than forming droplets

   Both corona and atmospheric plasma treatments can easily raise surface energy into this range. Learn more about dyne level testing on our Blog What is Dyne Level?

   Below is a chart displaying many materials used in manufacturing, their untreated surface energy and recommended surface energy for successful bonding and printing. 

   

   3DT Surface Pretreatment Systems for Manufacturing

   Reliable adhesion begins with proper surface preparation. Surface pretreatment plays an important role in achieving consistent printing, coating, cleaning, and bonding results.

   For more than 35 years, 3DT LLC has developed innovative corona and atmospheric plasma systems designed to address numerous manufacturing challenges. Our systems provide the technology to raise surface tension to highly functional levels on numerous materials for strong adhesion and product performance.

   3DT’s Systems are Fully Customizable

   Every system from 3DT is customizable for your particular application. We offer a wide range of automation and material handling options as well. Our experienced team will engineer a system that meets your specific production needs ensuring efficiency, precision, seamless integration and highly functionalized surfaces.

   Featured Surface Treatment Systems from Manufactured by 3DT

   Learn more about these systems and our full line of corona and plasma surface treatment systems here.

   Featured Corona Treatment Systems

   • PolyDyne Pro: Powerful corona treatment system that includes custom-built product handling and enclosure systems tailored to specific 3D part applications.
   • HeliDyne: A patented corona treatment system designed for wide and thick materials such as foam, composites, and polymer panels. HeliDyne can treat materials up to 2 inches thick and 120 inches wide.
   • FlexiDyne: A compact, self-contained corona treating unit with an integrated conveyor. FlexiDyne effectively treats a wide variety of three-dimensional parts including labware, lenses, lids, etc.
   • UltraDyne: Designed to raise surface energy for high-speed printing, extrusion, coating, and assembly lines. Also, ideal for printing lines processing cups, tubs, tubes and other containers.

   Atmospheric Plasma Systems

   • PlasmaDyne Pro: An advanced, Smart atmospheric plasma system designed to remove contaminants, micro-etch the surface while improving chemical make-up raising surface energy for reliable bonding. Especially useful when surface treating complex shapes.
   • PlasmaTraverse: A powerful plasma system capable of treating materials of virtually unlimited thickness. PlasmaTraverse can safely treat sensitive materials such as silicon wafers, plastic film, foam and glass.

   Conclusion: Why Surface Pretreatment Improves Manufacturing Results

   

   Surface pretreatment plays a critical role in improving adhesion, product quality, and manufacturing efficiency. By increasing surface energy and removing contaminants, corona and atmospheric plasma technologies enable reliable bonding of inks, coatings, and adhesives across a wide range of materials.

   Selecting the appropriate surface treatment system depends on the material, media, application, and production requirements. With the right technology and process expertise, manufacturers can significantly improve both production consistency and product performance. Contact us today and let’s solve your adhesion challenges!

   

2. The Nuances of Printing on Plastic with Inkjet Printing

   January 7, 2026 5:52 pm Comments Off on The Nuances of Printing on Plastic with Inkjet Printing

   Direct digital printing to plastic is challenging, but that doesn’t make it impossible. Variables such as low surface energy, the variations of plastic, how it is manufactured and the printing process all play a role when it comes to ensuring ink initially adheres to the surface and remains there for the intended duration.

   Here are two great opportunities to learn more about the nuances of improving printing on plastic with inkjet printing. First, read the answers to Industrial Print’s questionnaire supplied by plastics industry experts Scott Sabreen, of the Sabreen Group and Erik Kiel, of 3DT. Then, listen to the webinar to hear Sabreen and other industry experts discuss strategies for improving printing to plastic. The webinar is a companion to the article. It was held November 2025 and hosted by Industrial Print magazine.

   Scott Sabreen and Erik Kiel are coauthors on the questions below for the article Plastics Possibilities – Direct Printing, in Industrial Print’s 11/25 issue. Between these two industry veterans there are 70 years of knowledge on surface treatment technology.

   Sabreen is known internationally for his work in inventing and developing leading-edge process technologies in the fields of laser marking, adhesion bonding, plasma chemical pretreatments, product security, decorating & finishing, digital mass customization, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Sabreen has consulted for 525 companies in 34 countries. SABREEN’S game-changing processes result in lower-cost manufacturing, six-sigma quality, and critical market advantages.

   Erik Kiel is the founder, president, and owner of 3DT LLC. For nearly 35 years, he has led the company with a commitment to innovation, quality, and customer-focused solutions. Under his guidance, 3DT has become a pioneer in reliable corona and plasma surface treatment technology. 3DT manufactures advanced surface treatment systems engineered for precision, consistency, and long-term performance. 3DT’s standard and custom equipment improve surface energy to achieve exceptional adhesion and bonding across a wide range of materials and applications.

   3DT and The SABREEN Group are independent companies that work together to advance the science of plasma pretreatments and integrate surface treatment process solutions for bonding, coating and printing, chemical synthesis, membrane technology, and surface processing. The two companies have partnered on numerous surface treatment projects for nearly 35 years solving some of the most difficult adhesion and process challenges.

   Q & A  Industrial Print & Sabreen/3DT

     1. Direct printing to plastic is challenging for a number of reasons. Can you share some of these reasons and why?

   Aside from traditional analog methods (pad/screen printing, offset, hot stamping), direct “digital” printing processes include:  a) piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet, b) laser marking, and c) toner-based.

   

   A major contributing factor to ink-substrate compatibility is that many plastics are chemically inert, nonporous surfaces with low surface energy and thus require surface pretreatment. Depending upon the application, each of these processes offers certain advantages and limitations. With the exception of laser and hot stamping, all ink printing processes require the liquid ink chemistry (UV, solids, thermal, etc.) to be compatible with the plastic substrate to achieve proper surface wetting. UV inks are typically lower in viscosity (approximately 25dynes/cm) than pad or screen-printing inks wherein surface tension and surface energy necessitate careful measurement.

   Gas phase “glow discharge” plasma surface pretreatments are generally necessary to achieve acceptable ink adhesion and abrasion resistance. Surface pretreatments are used to increase surface energy and improve the wetting and adhesive properties of polymer materials. A variety of gas-phase surface oxidation pretreatment processes are used in the industry, including low-pressure, cold-gas plasma, electrical (corona discharge), flame plasma and low-temperature, voltage-free atmospheric plasma.

   Each method is application-specific and possesses unique advantages and potential limitations. Each of these processes is characterized by its ability to generate “gas plasma” – an extremely reactive gas consisting of free electrons, positive ions and other chemical species. In the science of physics, the mechanisms in which these plasmas are generated are different but their effects on surface wettability are similar. Chemical primers can sometimes be used instead of gas plasma processes.

   Different plastics, even within the same family, can vary significantly based on the supplier, colorant compounds, glass-fill/mineral fill, polymer resin melt flow and processing aids. Many companies printing on plastics do not have a comprehensive a definitive material specification and procure based on best pricing.

   

   Generally, companies do not have robust process controls that ensure 6-Sigma quality. For ink printing processes surface quality is critical. Ballistic deposition Contact Angle meters are superior to liquid dyne testing. Plastics are highly susceptible to surface contaminations from the work environment (including dirt, oils, moisture). Changes in temperature & humidity affects ink flow and viscosity, and the effectiveness of plasma pretreatments.

   The inkjet printing process departs from conventional ink printing techniques in that engineering is required in many distinct disciplines for turnkey systems integration. In contrast, manufacturers of pad and screen-printing equipment almost always can provide turnkey systems including inks, printing consumables, curing equipment, automation and chemical clean-up equipment. Inkjet system components consist of the printhead, drive electronics, inks, parts-handling and motion control hardware, and curing irradiator. Further, digital information needs to be communicated to the printhead through hardware/software file protocol including the main controller drive software.

   Inkjet printing is an intricate process and not a single piece of equipment. A high degree of engineering knowledge of all the inkjet components and piece-part compatibility is critical to achieving robust manufacturing operations. No printer manufacturer provides all of the mentioned components for every application.

   Specific to inkjet printing machines and prospective procurement, companies too often do not conduct adequate testing of samples only to learn that certain inks and UV LED pinning lamps do not produce sufficient power/energy density to achieve full cure. Radiometers are important to determine proper UV dosage. Undercure and overcure conditions result in adhesion/abrasion failure. Inkjet printers require exact setup and maintenance.

   See the informative chart below detailing a wide range of factors that impact quality inkjet printing. Click to expand. Listen to the webinar linked below for a detailed explanation.

   

     2. As a vendor in this space, what are you doing to combat challenges like ink adhesion to plastic?

   

   3DT understands the process intricacies relating to inks and coatings adhesion onto plastics, not only pretreatment.

   We work closely with our customers to design and integrate robust production systems. This approach makes it much easier for customers to have a single contact point. Through our strategic business relationships, 3DT has unique capabilities to optimize ink formulations, printhead selection, polymer compatibility analysis, surface quality, and printer selection.

   Education is important for companies in order to make the best purchase decisions not only for the types of pretreatment, but for long term project success. 3DT has a “process-centered” focus and we invite customers to view our advanced capabilities.

     3. What type of pretreatment processes do you recommend in conjunction with inkjet printers? Are they placed inline, near line, or offline?

   Our plasma treatment systems are integrated based on the work flow of our customers. Since we offer integrated plasma pretreatment systems with inkjet printers we understand the design intricacies. When pretreatment heads are mounted onto flatbed systems there are weight considerations for the balance of the reciprocating printhead. For single pass inkjet printing, there are other design considerations.

   The specific type of pretreatment is a factor for determining which method is best. We offer ten different surface pretreatment systems, all customizable and built in Germantown, Wisconsin.

   Pretreating rigid parts are much different than pretreating thin, flexible banners. For example, polyolefins are often selected for both rigid and thin material products, however the amount of heat applied is an important factor that determines which of our plasma technologies is best. 3DT’s newly patented HeliDyne corona treatment is excellent for wide, thick materials.

   

   The inkjet printing process departs from conventional ink printing techniques in that engineering is required in many distinct disciplines for turnkey systems integration. In contrast, manufacturers of pad and screen-printing equipment almost always can provide turnkey systems including inks, printing consumables, curing equipment, automation and chemical clean-up equipment. Inkjet system components consist of the printhead, drive electronics, inks, parts-handling and motion control hardware, and curing irradiator.

   Further, digital information needs to be communicated to the printhead through hardware/software file protocol including the main controller drive software. No single manufacturer provides all of the mentioned components for every custom application. A high degree of engineering knowledge of all the inkjet components and piece-part compatibility is critical to achieving robust manufacturing operations.

     4. Have advancements in ink chemistries made pretreatment processes less necessary? 

   The simple answer is no. While more types of inks are offered, printing on plastics requires a wettable surface and oxidative chemical functionality. Too often, companies limit their focus on surface wetting and not the polar functional groups introduced onto the surface.

     5. Please share information about the pretreatment devices you offer that can be used in conjunction with inkjet printers printing directly to plastic.

   3DT manufactures a full range of surface treatment systems engineered for common industrial printing, decorating, bonding and adhesion demands. 3DT’s systems are designed for adaptability and can be configured to meet the exact requirements of unique applications. Our engineering team collaborates with customers through every stage of system development, including comprehensive application development, dyne testing, design, engineering, and system integration.

   Customization may involve selecting the optimal type and number of treating heads, integrating conveyors, mandrels, linear actuators, robotics, part sensing and more. Each system is engineered for integration into production lines delivering precise, consistent, and repeatable surface treatment performance within your production environment. 3DT has 34 years of experience developing surface treatment for umpteen materials and applications.

   Regarding inkjet printing on polymers, these systems manufactured by 3DT are vital for successful adhesion and performance of printing ink on polymers:

   • PlasmaDyne uses atmospheric plasma discharge to improve bonding on a wide variety of products, from sport bottles to photo tiles to sport courts. PlasmaDyne micro-cleans and activates unresponsive polymer surfaces to accept ink, paint, adhesives, coatings, and laminates. It is customizable for numerous applications and processes. The basic system includes these thoughtful features: Remote I/O interface, color touch display, modular replacement parts, and adjustable treatment levels for diverse materials and applications.
   • PolyDyne is ideal for printing, assembly, injection molded and extrusion lines. It is a versatile corona treating system that includes custom-built product handling for each unique application. Common uses include the pretreatment of sheets, panels, foam, 3D parts, labware, and more.
   • HeliDyne – Powerful surface treatment and improved adhesion are now possible for wide, thick, porous, hollow, and over-size materials. 3DT’s new, patented HeliDyne corona treatment system was developed to produce strong bonding on these specialized substrates for printing, gluing, coating and laminating applications.
     HeliDyne is engineered with numerous pin electrodes, which generate a broad corona discharge that  increases surface tension on challenging materials without the heat damage typical of conventional treatment. Unlike most systems, HeliDyne handles materials up to 200 inches wide and 2 inches thick in a single pass. It is fully customizable and can be integrated inline or paired with a conveyor.
   • UltraDyne corona treatment system was developed to improve the adhesion of ink for high-speed cup/tub/tube printing lines utilizing 3DT’s specialized blade electrode.

   The folks at 3DT and the Sabreen Group look forward to answering your questions and discussing your application. Let’s partner in solving your adhesion challenges. Give us a call or send an email at: 
   3DT LLC: sales@3DTLLC.com  – +1-262-253-6700
   Sabreen Group: ssabreen@sabreen.com  – +1-972-820-6777 

   

   Be sure to view Industrial Print’s companion webinar with a panel discussion regarding direct printing to plastic. The three member panel of industry experts, including Scott Sabreen discuss all aspects of digital printing on plastic weighing factors and solutions. The YouTube webinar is 45 minutes long and can be found at this link.

   

   Here is a link to the full article, Plastic Possibilities – Direct Printing,
   in Industrial Print’s November 2025 issue, found  on page 27.

3. Guide to Plasma Surface Treatment and Corona Surface Treatment in Medical Device, Pharma, and Labware Manufacturing

   September 1, 2022 6:53 pm Comments Off on Guide to Plasma Surface Treatment and Corona Surface Treatment in Medical Device, Pharma, and Labware Manufacturing

   Click to Expand

   

   Medical practitioners are increasingly utilizing plastics in their devices and instruments due to the material’s versatility, quick processing, light weight, bio-compatibility, sterility and price point. Plasma and corona surface treatment are an ideal fit for medical, pharmaceutical, and labware manufacturing. Once surface treated the value of inexpensive polymer parts greatly increases due to now becoming specialized, functionalized, engineered components. Plasma and corona surface treatment produce reliable, durable, and uniform results through electrical discharge that heighten energy on the surface of polymers and other substrates to increase their capacity for adhesion and bonding.

   What Can Plasma Surface Treatment and Corona Surface Treatment

   

   Note how the ink adheres in the center of the bottle where it was plasma treated with 3DT’s PlasmaDyne Pro.

    Achieve in Medical Device Manufacturing?

   Medical device manufacturers use plasma and corona surface treatment for various reasons. First, surface modification improves adhesive, coating, and ink bonds with a substrate by chemically changing substrates from being hydrophobic to hydrophilic. Manufacturers utilize corona and plasma treatment to solve complex challenges, especially plastic material applications that present incompatibility issues for bonding. Other specialized applications include applying protective coatings that either draw or fend off fluids and improved cell adhesion in laboratory containers made from polycarbonate and polystyrene.

   What Are Some Useful Applications for Plasma and Corona Treatment in the Medical Industry?

   Within medical manufacturing, the range of uses for plastics is vast. As a result, corona and plasma technology is regularly used for improving the bonding power of ink, adhesives and cell culture growth. Surface treated items include syringes, tubing, pipettes, bottles, flasks, vials, multi-well plates, Eppendorf tubes, culture plates, and other polymer labware items manufactured for research, drug discovery, and diagnostics testing. Surface treatment is employed for all types of parts and components for medical devices and pharma packaging.

   Plasma treatment can assist the bonding of dissimilar materials. This can involve bonding metal to plastic, silicon to glass, polymers to other polymers, biological content to microtiter plates, and even bonding to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Whether bonding metal to plastic, silicon to glass, polymers to other polymers or biological content to microtiter plates, corona and plasma can be used to promote adhesion. 

   Adhesion promotion is achieved by increasing the substrates surface-free energy creating a dramatic improvement in bonding. In some cases, up to a 50x increase in bond strength can be achieved.

   What Are the Benefits of Using Plasma and Corona Surface Treatments?

   Plasma and corona surface treatment generate numerous benefits for medical, pharmaceutical, and laboratory components. These treatments offer:

   

   Surface treatment creates secure bonding of ink, coating, adhesive and more.

   High-Quality Results

   Businesses in these sectors all require reliable, high-quality products for critical applications, making plasma and corona treatment ideal. As these surface treatments ensure consistent and superior wettability, the resulting products will have greater capabilities for adhesion—even for the most challenging of plastic substrates—as well as overall product performance. The secure bonding with media such as ink, paint, and adhesives is an important benefit for medical devices, changing a two-dollar plastic part into a fifty-dollar component. 3DT specializes in developing these processes and systems for customer’s unique applications. 

   Speed

   Both plasma and corona surface treatment are typically fast, usually taking little time at all, depending on the process and materials. Treating can take just seconds to complete, with the potential for treating up to 1,000 parts per hour. As an added benefit, these surface treatments do not necessitate primers, curing or drying; cutting those stages from the production timeline for greater time savings.

   Uniformity

   These processes are an excellent solution for products that need treating on the whole of their surface, even hard-to-reach nooks, crannies, and drill holes. As such, they are ideal for 3D components with complex configurations, providing consistent, reliable pretreatment. Processes utilize highly repeatable, recipe-based programming.

   

   3DT’s MultiDyne with 2 treating heads treats a medical device placed on a spinning mandrel prior to printing.

   Cost-Effectiveness

   Plasma and corona surface treatments have opened up additional opportunities for medical manufacturers. To start, the speed of these treatments plays a part in increased savings. They can also reduce operating costs by allowing companies to adopt the use of alternative materials that are less expensive than typical base substrates, as well as chemicals, primers, and adhesives. This also leads to less scrap and waste generated which equates to greater savings as well.

   Environmental Friendliness

   Surface treatment improves the adhesion of environmentally-friendly, solvent-free, water-based primers, adhesives, and inks, eliminating the use of chemical baths and primers.  Plasma surface treatment, unlike chemical processes such as priming or etching, are clean processes that do not produce environmentally harmful waste. Instead, they give off minor amounts of non-hazardous gasses only. Corona processes generate ozone, but using an ozone filter eliminates the issue. Additionally, corona and plasma do not use an open flame, and are much safer for operators. 

   What Medical Devices Are Treated with Plasma Surface Treatment or Corona Surface Treatment?

   

   3DT’s FlexiDyne Pro quickly corona treats polystyrene labware for improved cell culture growth.

   Plasma and corona surface treatments are applicable for:

   • Ampules, vials
   • Catheter tubing
   • Implants
   • Insulin pens
   • Lenses
   • Medication bottles
   • Needle hubs
   • Ostomy bags
   • Petri dishes
   • Labware: flasks, multi-well plates
   • Surgical instruments
   • Syringes
     

   3DT is Your Source for Corona & Plasma Technology

   Plasma and corona surface treatment are vital in healthcare manufacturing for providing effective, reliable adhesion and product performance. As a leading manufacturer in surface treatment, 3DT LLC provides clients with innovative, high-performance bonding solutions for a wide variety of substrates from plastics and rubber to glass and metal. We offer both standard and custom-engineered systems for greater application versatility. Learn more about our product line here. Our team can incorporate 3DT’s systems into new or existing production lines. For more information on our capabilities and how our surface treatment technology can support your operations contact us today at sales@3DTLLC.com or call 1-262-253-6700.

    

4. How Surface Treatment Functionalizes & Activates Difficult Bonding Surfaces

   August 4, 2022 6:30 pm Comments Off on How Surface Treatment Functionalizes & Activates Difficult Bonding Surfaces

   Click to Expand

   

   Many secondary processes prior to decorating and bonding require strong adhesion to be successful. However, certain substrates have insufficient surface energy for creating the required bond strength. To bond these types of challenging materials, surface treatment such as plasma or corona treatment significantly improve adhesion. This article will discuss some of the most common bonding challenges and outline how surface treatment overcomes these difficulties.

   What Is the Purpose of Surface Treatment?

   Surface treatment is used to improve bonding or “functionalize” the surface of a substrate. This useful technology modifies the surface of a material in a way that allows for strong bonds to be formed between the substrate and a label, a coating, print, or adhesive. Surface treatment, such as atmospheric plasma (also called in air plasma) and corona treatment work by improving surface tension. Numerous bonding problems are successfully solved through surface treatment, even those involving elastomeric or polymeric materials.

   

   There are significant costs associated with bonding failure, including poor product field performance, excess scrap and rework, production inefficiencies, and increased quality control. Surface treatment solves virtually any bonding challenge, even when using the most difficult-to-bond materials.

   Corona and plasma surface treatment prepare materials for improved adhesion by:

   • Raising the material’s surface tension or wettability by altering the molecular properties of the surface 
   • Improving the bond strength between the applied media and the material
   • Plasma treatment provides mechanical etching and micro-cleaning, as well as elevating surface tension

   Bonding Items With More Than One Type of Material

   

   Note how the ink on the left side of the corona treated polystyrene tray fully bonds with the material, but beads up on the non treated right side.

   Materials that feature low surface energies, such as those between 20 and 40 dynes, are notoriously difficult to bond. In plastics, this includes materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene, and polyethylene, polystyrene, among others. Composite materials are also challenging in bonding applications because the different materials they contain typically feature differing surface energies. 

   Achieving workable wettability of a substrate requires the surface energy of the substrate to exceed the surface tension of the media being applied. Using surface treatment to increase the substrate’s surface tension causes media to evenly flow and adhere to the material’s surface for highly improved bonding capabilities. 

   How to Activate the Surfaces of Difficult-to-Bond Materials

   When activating the surface of challenging materials, the first consideration should be the surface energy of the substrate. The surface energy will determine whether or not media will successfully bond with the material. Wettability is another prerequisite of successful adhesion. The term wettability describes the ability a liquid has to maintain contact with a type of media. It is influenced by intermolecular interactions that are altered through corona and plasma surface treatments.

   Atmospheric plasma is created by combining reactive gas molecules and an electric field. This system uses one or more high voltage electrodes, which charge the surrounding blown gas molecules, resulting in a highly ionized field that is forced onto the targeted surface. This ionized air stream reacts with the substrate and breaks the existing hydrogen bonds by introducing oxygen which recreates the chemical properties of the surface. This intensified reaction causes the material to wet out and accept media, as well as etches and micro-cleans the surface.

   3DT’s plasma treatment is not confined to a chamber, but performed in fast, inline production lines. What’s more, plasma is environmentally friendly and potential-free, meaning it can be used on or near metal parts and wiring.

   Corona treatment also improves a material’s surface tension to solve bonding problems. It is probably the most common and economical type of surface treatment. In contrast to plasma treatment, corona relies on two electrodes and an isolator to create a cloud of ionized air, corona discharge, that breaks molecular bonds on the surface of a material. Surface oxidation occurs, creating covalent bonds resulting in enhanced wettability and adhesion capabilities.

   3DT works closely with its customers in selecting the most appropriate surface treatment method for their application. Factors such as the materials and media involved, the geometry, line speed, and required bonding results are considered. See our blog article What is the Process for Purchasing a Surface Treatment System from 3DT? for more information.

   

   Custom PolyDyne Pro corona treatment system with indexing table for the treatment of labware flasks.

   Surface Treatments for Powerful Adhesion from 3DT

   Working with materials that are resistant to printing and bonding requires surface treatment processes that improve surface tension and eliminate bonding problems. 3DT manufactures a comprehensive line of surface treatment systems to improve bonding for numerous applications. Our solutions raise surface energy and improve bonding on even the most challenging substrates.

   With over 30 years of specialized experience, 3DT provides the most innovative corona and plasma treatment systems. Our equipment addresses the needs of diverse industries and can be used as stand-alone stations or incorporated into a production line. We specialize in process development for demanding applications. Learn more by visiting our corona and plasma treatment process page, or get started on your solution by requesting a quote today. 
   

5. The Basics of Corona Treatment

   July 26, 2021 2:30 pm Comments Off on The Basics of Corona Treatment

   For more than 30 years, 3DT has been a leader in providing high quality surface treatment solutions, including corona treatment equipment. Our innovative surface treating equipment can handle even the most challenging adhesion problems for a wide range of industries. With custom capabilities and a range of services, we can create systems based on your unique needs and application requirements.

   What Is Corona Treatment?

   Corona treatment is used to increase the surface energy of plastic and other materials for improved adhesion of inks, adhesives, and coatings. Corona treated materials feature higher printing and coating quality than materials that do not undergo this treatment.

   Because polymers and many other substrates are non-porous, they don’t absorb ink, paint, and adhesive. Instead, media sits on the surface without bonding to it. By increasing the surface tension through microscopic chemical change of plastic materials, the ink or glue now has something to “hold on to”.

   Corona surface treatment can be applied to a wide range of materials, including, but not limited to:

   Polymers such as:

   • Polypropylene
   • Polyethylene
   • Polystyrene
   • Elastomers
   • PET
   • PVC
   • Polycarbonate
   • Vinyl
   • Silicone Rubber

   Other materials such as:

   • Foam
   • Foil
   • Aluminum
   • Metalized Surfaces
   • Glass
   • Composites
   • Paper

   To treat the material, it’s placed under a cloud of corona discharge, which is created by exposing atmospheric air to different voltage potentials. The electrons hold energy up to three times higher than what’s needed to break molecular bonds on the surface, and the free radicals quickly go to work oxidizing the material in the cloud. The result is increased surface tension, which allows for wetting and adhesion.

   The Benefits of Corona Treatment and How 3DT Can Help

   Besides improved adhesion for coatings, inks, and adhesives, corona treatment offers a wide range of benefits, including:

   • Fast production. Even the most stubborn material can be corona treated in a matter of seconds facilitating the fastest, high volume production lines.
   • Reduced waste. Materials have to be discarded if the adhesion process fails. Treating the surface ensures your paint, coating, or glue will stick the first time, so you won’t have any failed attempts that result in wasted time and materials.
   • Eliminates migrating additives. Many materials contain additives to enhance a particular quality of that material. Over time, those additives may migrate to the surface, and if they’re left to sit on the surface, the ink will bond to the additives instead of the material itself. Corona treatment removes any additives that have risen to the surface.
   • Reduce decaying surfaces. Bump treatment can be used to restore the surface tension in old, pretreated materials. This means you don’t have to worry about the surface decay of a material that’s been held in inventory for a long time. Simply apply the bump treatment, and you can return the surface to its pretreated adhesion potential.
   • Facilitates Green manufacturing. With the increased use of environmentally-friendly, solvent-free paints, primers and adhesives the need for surface treatment is more important than ever. Water-based products resist adhesion to many substrates, especially polymers, but not once they are corona treated.

   At 3DT, we improve adhesion and bonding on a wide variety of substrates, including polymers, rubber, composites, glass, foam, and more. Surface treatment systems for 3D objects are our forte, but we also manufacture systems for panels, sheets and film. Our comprehensive solutions go from design to manufacturing, installation, and service. Every sale is backed by our extensive experience and a dedicated sales and service team. Your success is our success, so we go above and beyond to create the best possible solution for your needs.

   Corona Treatment Solutions from 3DT

   Corona treatment is a highly beneficial process that is crucial for a wide range of substrates. Contact 3DT to learn more about our corona treatment equipment, or view our range of products to find the best solution for you. No matter where in the world you do business, you can find a distributor to connect you with the services you need.

    

   

    

    

6. Corona vs. Plasma Treatment

   July 23, 2021 9:59 pm Comments Off on Corona vs. Plasma Treatment

   For more than 30 years, 3DT LLC has been a leading provider of specialized corona and plasma surface treatments for customers around the world. Our state-of-the-art systems can be used as stand-alone stations, incorporated into new and existing production processes, or integrated into fully or semi-automated production lines. With 3DT’s 2- and 3- dimensional treating systems and a wide variety of custom configurations, we have a solution for virtually any application. In addition to manufacturing our cutting-edge equipment, we offer services such as design, manufacturing, product handling, installation, training, and maintenance service.

   One of the more common questions we field about electrical surface treatment is, “What is the difference between corona and plasma treatment?” and then, “What best fits my application?” Both corona and plasma treatment increase the surface energy of numerous materials improving the adhesion of inks, adhesives, coatings, and other agents. However, they both have unique properties that require consideration in terms of applications.

   

   In this post, we discuss the advantages and uses of corona treatment vs. plasma treatment, to aide in your understanding. However, our sales team will actively guide you in selecting the best system for your material, process and application.

   What is Corona & Plasma Treatment?

   How Does it Work?

   Corona and plasma treatment are both forms of electrical surface treatment. They use the power of electrical energy to change the chemical properties of material placed within an energy stream. This stream of electrically loaded molecules causes an intensified reaction with the material resulting in better wettability and stronger bonding traits. Electrical surface treatment is highly suitable for three-dimensional polymer parts, thin film, rubber profiles, glass labware, metal parts, coated paperboard and thicker materials such as foam and solid sheets of material.

   When this phenomenon is contained inside an electrically grounded chamber, an air stream can be introduced to this chamber to force the plasma outwards in a controlled fashion and onto materials in a process called plasma treatment or atmospheric plasma treatment. However, when an insulator is placed between the two electrodes, the avalanche effect is avoided and the result is a cloud or arc of ionized air. This ionized air – Corona Discharge – can now be used for the surface treatment of a wide number of materials that show poor or no adhesion properties to media such as printing inks, adhesives, etc.

    

   

                                            Illustration: Corona Treating Head

   What’s the Difference Between Corona & Plasma Treatment?

   Plasma discharge has a relatively narrow treating width but is capable of imparting enormous surface energies onto substrates.  Plasma has the added benefit of cleaning residue and contaminants from surfaces and even etches surfaces for the added benefit of increasing bonding with media. Plasma discharge is virtually potential-free so it can be used to treat conductive materials such as metal and alloys. 3DT’s PlasmaDyne systems offer a variety of types of plasma treating heads that can be quickly mounted onto existing lines with little setup. A unique benefit of our system is that the discharge level is adjustable for numerous applications. Plasma also produces no ozone gas which is a natural byproduct of the corona process.

   Alternatively, corona discharge typically imparts less surface energy but can treat large areas. Corona treatment also has the advantage of being able to treat inside parts or in the recesses of 3-dimensional parts. Both methods are very effective in functionalizing surfaces for better adhesion. Check out the video below.

   Our Most Popular Treatment Systems

   3DT designs and manufactures an extensive range of cutting-edge surface treatment products, including:

   MultiDyne™

   3DT’s MultiDyne™ corona treatment system creates optimal surface tension, or wettability, on a broad range of parts and materials. Featuring repeatable and process controlled operation,  MultiDyne™ is typically used to prepare blow molded, injection molded, and extruded parts and products. MultiDyne™ creates highly effective, uniform adhesion on surfaces for printing, coating, gluing, and lamination.

   MultiDyne™’s state-of-the-art corona discharge technology works by creating a short circuit between two high voltage electrodes. A constant flow of air between the electrodes facilitates even distribution of the corona field onto the surface of the treated material, creating a highly receptive adhesive surface. It is perfect for treating areas that are commonly a challenge for other surface treatments, including applications with complex geometries, hard-to-reach areas, and metal-adjacent surfaces.

   PolyDyne™

   PolyDyne™ is one of 3DT’s most powerful corona treatment systems. This extremely dependable and reliable system is particularly useful in high-speed operations, such as printing, extrusion, assembly, and coating production lines. PolyDyne™ is exceptionally versatile and can be used to treat everything from the interior surface of needle hubs to automotive components. Using the latest technology, PolyDyne™ directs corona treatment with an exceptional degree of precision onto virtually any surface.

   PolyDyne™ is specifically designed with flexibility in mind. All of our systems can be customized to meet the particular needs of your application, including variety and number of treating heads, custom electrode systems, ozone eliminators, and material handling systems. For more resistant materials, we are pleased to offer our PolyDyne Pro™ system.

   PlasmaDyne Pro™

   

   PlasmaDyne Pro™ uses a stream of highly ionized plasma to modify the chemical properties of the surface material within the stream. The surface becomes functionalized and highly receptive to chemical bonding. This system also cleans and etches substrates for added bonding properties. PlasmaDyne Pro™ is unique within the industry because only 3DT’s technology offers adjustable treatment/power levels. This benefit increases treatment options regarding flexibility in substrates, parts, and treating modes all within one system.

   PlasmaDyne Pro™ enhances the adhesion of ink, paint and adhesive to a wide range of components, from plastic tubing and medical devices to rubber automotive seals and metal parts. 3DT’s PlasmaDyne Pro™ is a compact, versatile system, with an optimized control unit, the highest in treatment levels and modular replacement parts that facilitate non-stop production. PlasmaDyne Pro™ is completely customizable. Let’s discuss your application today!

   Premium Surface Treatment Systems by 3DT

   At 3DT, we are committed to developing superior surface treatment systems for every industry.  We have spent decades at the forefront of corona and plasma technology and are dedicated to solving even the most complex adhesion challenges. To learn more about our surface treatment systems and related services, visit our product page, or contact our experts today.